Skip To Content
 

Search:

  

Diagnostic Imaging Pathways - Post Menopausal Bleeding
PathwaysHome
Flow Chart
Image gallery
Teaching Points
References
PDF Version

References

  1. Dijkhuizen FP, Brolmann HA, Potters AE, et al. The accuracy of transvaginal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of endometrial abnormalities. Obstet Gynecol 1996;87:345-9. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  2. Güner H, Tiras MB, Karabacak O, et al. Endometrial assessment by vaginal ultrasonography might reduce endometrial sampling in patients with postmenopausal bleeding. A prospective study. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol 1996;36:175-8. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  3. Garuti G, Sambruni I, Cellani F, et al. Hysteroscopy and Transvaginal ultrasonography in postmenopausal women with uterine bleeding. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1999;65:25-33. (Level III evidence)
  4. Wolman I, Sagi J, Ginat S, et al. The sensitivity and specificity of vaginal sonography in detecting endometrial abnormalities in women with postmenopausal bleeding. J Clin Ultrasound 1996;24:79-82. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  5. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Investigation of post- menopausal bleeding. A national clinical guideline. Sept 2002. Available online at http://www.sign.ac.uk (Evidence based guideline)
  6. Alcazar JL, Zornoza A. Transvaginal ultrasonographic measurement of endometrial thickness: an intra-observer and interobserver reproducibility study. Radiography 2001;7:101-4. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  7. Wolman I, Amster R, Hartoov J, et al. Reproducibility of transvaginal ultrasonographic measurements of endometrial thickness in patients with postmenopausal bleeding. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1998;46:191-4. (Level III evidence)
  8. Gupta JK, Chien PFW, Voit D, Clark TJ, et al. Ultrasonographic endometrial thickness for diagnosing endometrial pathology in women with postmenopausal bleeding: A meta-analysis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2002;81:799-816. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  9. Bree RL, Bowerman RA, Bohm-Velez M. Ultrasound evaluation of the uterus in patients with post-menopausal bleeding: a positive effect on decision-making. Radiology 2000;216:260-4. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  10. Mendelson EB, Bohm-Velez M, Joseph N, Neiman HL. Gynecologic imaging: comparison of transabdominal and transvaginal sonography. Radiology 1988;166:321-4. (Level IV evidence)
  11. Gredmark T, Kvint S, Havel G, Mattsson LA. Histopathological findings in women with postmenopausal bleeding. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995;102:133-6. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  12. Weiderpass E, Adami HO, Baron JA, et al. Risk of endometrial cancer following estrogen replacement with and without progestins. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:1131-7. (Level III evidence)
  13. Curtis RE, Boice JD Jr, Shriner DA, Hankey BF, Fraumeni JF Jr. Second cancers after adjuvant tamoxifen therapy for breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996;88:832-4. (Level IV evidence)
  14. Davidson KG, Dubinsky TJ. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the endometrium in postmenopausal vaginal bleeding. Radiol Clin N Am 2003;769-80. (Review article)
  15. Smith-Bindman R, Kerlikowske K, Feldstein VA et al. Endovaginal ultrasound to exclude endometrial cancer and other endometrial abnormalities. JAMA 1998 Nov 4;280(17);1510-1517. (Level I-II evidence)
  16. Granberg S, Ylostalo P, Wikland M, Karlsson B. Endometrial sonographic and histologic findings in women with and without hormonal replacement therapy suffering from postmenopausal bleeding. Maturitas 1997 May;27(1);35-40. (Level III evidence)
  17.  Epstein E, Ramirez A, Skoog L, Valentin L. Transvaginal sonography, saline contrast sonohysterography and hysteroscopy for the investigation of women with postmenopausal bleeding and endometrium > 5 mm. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001 Aug;18(2);157-162. (Level III evidence)
  18. Epstein E, Valentin L. Gray-scale ultrasound morphology in the presence or absence of intrauterine fluid and vascularity as assessed by color Doppler for discrimination between benign and malignant endometrium in women with postmenopausal bleeding. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006 Jul;28(1);89-95. (Level II evidence)
  19. Timmerman D, Deprest J, Bourne T, Van den Berghe I, Collins WP, Vergote I. A randomized trial on the use of ultrasonography or office hysteroscopy for endometrial assessment in postmenopausal patients with breast cancer who were treated with tamoxifen. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 1998 Jul;179(1);62-70. (Level II evidence)
  20. Clark TJ, Voit D, Gupta JK, Hyde C, Song F, Khan KS. Accuracy of hysteroscopy in the diagnosis of endometrial cancer and hyperplasia: a systematic quantitative review. JAMA 2002 Oct 2;288(13);1610-1621. (Level I-II evidence)

File Formats

Some documents for download on this website are in a Portable Document Format (PDF). To read these files you might need to download Adobe® Acrobat Reader.

Get Adobe Reader

Legal Matters