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Diagnostic Imaging Pathways - Suspected Primary Hyperparathyroidism
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References

  1. Loevner LA. Imaging of the parathyroid glands. Semin US, CT and MRI 1996;17:563-75.
  2. Howe JR. Minimally invasive parathyroid surgery. Surg Clin North Am 2000;80:1399-426.
  3. Numerow LM, Morita ET, Clark OH, et al. Persistent/recurrent hyperparathyroidism: a comparison of sestamibi scintigraphy, MRI, and ultrasonography. J Magn Reson Imaging 1995;5:702-8. (Level III evidence)
  4. Mitchell BK, Merrell RC, Kinder BK. Localization studies in patients with hyperparathyroidism. Surg Clin North Am 1995;75:483-98.
  5. Wei JP, Burke GJ. Analysis of savings in operative time for primary hyperparathyroidism using localization with technetium 99m sestamibi scan. Am J Surg 1995;170:488-91. (Level III evidence)
  6. Hindie E, Melliere D, Perlemuter L, et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism: higher success rate of first surgery after preoperative Tc-99m sestamibi-I-123 subtraction scanning. Radiology 1997;204:221-8. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  7. Smit PC, Rinkes IHMB, van Dalen A, et al. Direct, minimally invasive adenomectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism: an alternative to conventional neck exploration? Annals of Surgery 2000;231(4):559-65. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  8. Van Dalen A, Smit CP, van Vroonhoven TJM, et al. Minimally invasive surgery for solitary parathyroid adenomas in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: role of US with supplemental CT. Radiology 2001;220:631-9. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  9. Ishibashi M, Nishida H, Hiromatsu Y, et al. Localization of ectopic parathyroid glands using technetium-99m sestamibi imaging: comparison with magnetic resonance and computed tomographic imaging. Eur J Nucl Med 1997;24:197-201. (Level III evidence)
  10. Miller DL. Endocrine angiography and venous sampling. Radiol Clin North America 1993;31:1051-67.
  11. Gritzmann N, Koischwitz D, Rettenbacher T. Sonography of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. Radiologic Clin North America 2000;38(5):1131-45.
  12. Gotway MB, Reddy GP, Webb WR, et al. Comparison between MR imaging and 99m-Tc MIBI scintigraphy in the evaluation of recurrent or persistent hyperparathyroidism. Radiology 2001;218:783-90. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  13. Purcell GP, Dirbas FM, Jeffrey RB, et al. Parathyroid localization with high-resolution ultrasound and technetium Tc 99m sestamibi. Arch Surg 1999;134:824-30. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  14. Borley NR, Collins RE, O'Doherty M, et al. Technetium-99m sestamibi parathyroid localization is accurate enough for scan-directed unilateral neck exploration. Br J Surg 1996;83:989-91. (Level II/III evidence)
  15. Lee VS, Wilkinson RH Jr, Leight GS, et al. Hyperparathyroidism in high-risk surgical patients: evaluation with double-phase technetium 99m sestamibi imaging. Radiology 1995;197:627-33. (Level III evidence)
  16. Krubsack AJ, Wilson SD, Lawson TL, et al. Prospective comparison of radionuclide, computed tomographic, sonographic, and magnetic resonance localization of parathyroid tumours. Surgery 1989;106:639-46. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  17. De Feo ML, Colagrande S, Biagini C, et al. Parathyroid glands: combination of 99mTc MIBI scintigraphy and US for demonstration of parathyroid glands and nodules. Radiology 2000;214:393-402. (Level II/III evidence)
  18. Ishibashi M, Nishida H, Hiromatsu Y, et al. Comparison of technetium-99m MIBI, technetium-99m-tetrofosmin, ultrasound and MRI for localization of abnormal parathyroid glands. J Nucl Med 1998;39:320-4. (Level III evidence)
  19. Shaha AR, Sarkar S, Strashun A, et al. Sestamibi scan for preoperative localization in primary hyperparathyroidism. Head & Neck 1997;19:87-91. (Level III evidence)
  20. Reeder SB, Desser TS, Weigel RJ, et al. Sonography in primary hyperparathyroidism: review with emphasis in scanning technique. J Ultrasound Med 2002;21:539-52.
  21. Smith JR, Oates ME. Radionuclide Imaging of the Parathyroid Glands: Patterns, Pearls, and Pitfalls Radiographics 2004;24:1101-15. (Review article)
  22. Lorberboym M, Minski I, Macadziob S, Nicolov G, Schachter P. Incremental Diagnostic Value of Preoperative 99mTc-MIBI SPECT in Patients with a Parathyroid Adenoma. J Nucl Med 2003;44:904-8. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  23. Neumann DR, Esselstyn CB Jr, Go RT, Wong CO, Rice TW, Obuchowski NA. Comparison of double-phase 99mTc-sestamibi with 123I-99mTc-sestamibi subtraction SPECT in hyperparathyroidism. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997;169:1671-4. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  24. Hindie E, Ugur O, Fuster D et al. 2009 EANM parathyroid guidelines. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging 2009 Jul;36(7);1201-1216. (Clinical Guidelines) Click here to view guideline
  25. Harari A, Zarnegar R, Lee J et al. Computed tomography can guide focused exploration in select patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and negative sestamibi scanning. Surgery 2008 Dec;144(6);970-976; discussion 976-979. (Level III evidence). Click here to view reference
  26. Mazzeo S, Cappelli C, Caramella D et al. Multidetector CT in diagnostic work-up of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. La Radiologia medica 2007 Aug;112(5);763-775. (Level III evidence) Click here to view reference
  27. Gross ND, Weissman JL, Veenker E et al. The diagnostic utility of computed tomography for preoperative localization in surgery for hyperparathyroidism. The Laryngoscope 2004 Feb;114(2);227-231. (Level III evidence) Click here to view reference
  28. Ruf J, Lopez Hanninen E, Steinmuller T et al. Preoperative localization of parathyroid glands. Use of MRI, scintigraphy, and image fusion. Nuklearmedizin 2004 Jun;43(3);85-90. (Level III evidence) Click here to view reference
  29. Lopez Hanninen E, Vogl TJ, Steinmuller T et al. Preoperative contrast-enhanced MRI of the parathyroid glands in hyperparathyroidism. Investigative radiology 2000 Jul;35(7);426-430. (Level II evidence) Click here to view reference
  30. Tziakouri C, Eracleous E, Skannavis S et al. Value of ultrasonography, CT and MR imaging in the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism. Acta Radiol 1996 Sep;37(5);720-726. (Level II evidence) Click here to view reference
  31. Silverberg SJ and Fuleihan GE. Preoperative localization and surgical therapy of primary hyperparathyroidism. In: UpToDate, Basow, DS(Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA, 2009. (Review article)
  32. Shen W, Duren M, Morita E et al. Reoperation for persistent or recurrent primary hyperparathyroidism. Arch Surg 1996 Aug;131(8):861-7; discussion 867-9. (Level III evidence) Click here to view reference
  33. Chaffanjon PC, Voirin D, Vasdev A et al. Selective Venous Sampling in Recurrent and Persistent Hyperparathyroidism: Indication, Technique, and Results . World J Surg. 2004 Oct;28(10):958-61. Epub 2004 Sep 29. (Level III evidence) Click here to view reference
  34. Reidel MA, Schilling T, Graf S et al. Localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands by selective venous sampling in reoperation for primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism.. Surgery. 2006 Dec;140(6):907-13; discussion 913. Epub 2006 Oct 19. (Level II evidence) Click here to view reference

Further Reading

  1. Gotway MB, Leung JWT, Gooding GA, et al. Hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue: spectrum of appearances on non-invasive imaging. AJR 2002;179:495-502.

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