Diagnostic Imaging Pathways - First Trimester Bleeding

References

1. Ewigman B, LeFevre M, Hesser J. A randomized trial of routine prenatal ultrasound. Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1990;76:189-94.
2. Estroff JA. Emergency obstetric and gynecologic ultrasound. Radiol Clin North Am 1997;35:921-57.
3. Sohaey R, Woodward P, Zwiebel WJ. First-trimester ultrasound: the essentials. Seminars in US, CT, and MRI 1996;17(1):2-14.
4. Australasian Society for Ultrasound in Medicine. Guidelines for the performance of first trimester ultrasound. ASUM guidelines, October 1999.
5. Snijders R. First trimester ultrasound. Clinics in Perinatology 2001;28(2):333-52.
6. Wong TW, Lau CC, Yeung A, et al. Efficacy of transabdominal ultrasound examination in the diagnosis of early pregnancy complications in an emergency department. J Accid Emerg Med 1998;15:155-8. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
7. Braffman BH, Coleman BG, Ramchandani P, et al. Emergency department screening for ectopic pregnancy: a prospective US study. Radiology 1994;190:797-802. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
8. Nyberg DA, Mack LA, Laing FC, et al. Early pregnancy complications: endovaginal sonographic findings correlated with human chorionic gonadotropin levels. Radiology 1988;167:619-22. (Level III evidence)
9. Whitlow BJ, Chatzipapas IK, Lazanakis ML, et al. The value of sonography in early pregnancy for detection of fetal abnormalities in an unselected population. Br J Obstet & Gynaecol 1999;106:929-36. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
10. Braithwaite JM, Armstrong MA, Economides DL. The assessment of fetal anatomy at 12-13 weeks using transabdominal and transvaginal sonography. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1996;103:82-5. (Level II evidence).
11. Economides DL, Whitlow BJ, Braithwaite JM, et al. Ultrasonography in the detection of fetal anomalies in early pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999;106:516-23. (Review article)
12. Benson CB, Doubilet PM. Slow embryonic heart rate in early first trimester: indicator of poor pregnancy outcome. Radiology 1994;192:343-4. (Level III evidence)
13. Jain KA, Hamper UM, Sanders RC. Comparison of transvaginal and transabdominal sonography in the detection of early pregnancy and its complications. AJR 1988;151:1139-43. (Level III evidence)
14. Barnhart K, Mennuti MT, Benjamin I, et al. Prompt diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy in an emergency department setting. Obstet Gynecol 1994;84:1010-5. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
15. Cacciatore B, Stenman UH, Ylostalo P. Diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy by vaginal ultrasonography in combination with a discriminatory serum hCG level of 1000 IU/l [IRP]. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1990;97:904-8. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
16. Economides DL, Whitlow BJ, Kadir R, et al. First trimester sonographic detection of chromosomal abnormailites in an unselected population. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998;105:58-62. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
17. Dart RG, Burke G, Dart L. Subclassification of indeterminate pelvic ultrasonography: prospective evaluation of the risk of ectopic pregnancy. Ann Emer Med 2002;39:382-8. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
18. Dart RG, Mitterando J, Dart LM. Rate of change of serial ß-human chorionic gondaotropin values as a predictor of ectopic pregnancy in patients with indeterminate transvaginal ultrasound findings. Ann Emerg Med 1999;34:703-10. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
19. Symonds IM. Ectopic pregnancy: modern management. Current Obstetrics & Gynaecology 1998;8:27-31.

Further Reading

1. Dart RG. Role of pelvic ultrasonography in evaluation of symptomatic first-trimester pregnancy. Ann Emerg Med 1999;33:310-20.
2. Albayram F, Hamper UM. First trimester obstetric emergencies: spectrum of sonographic findings. J Clin Ultrasound 2002; 30(3):161-77.

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