Diagnostic Imaging Pathways - Urinary Tract Infection

References

1. Tasker AD, Lindsell DR, Moncrieff M. Can ultrasound reliably detect renal scarring in children with urinary tract infection. Clin Radiol 1993;47:177-9. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
2. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Quality Improvement, Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection. The diagnosis, treatment, and evaluation of the initial urinary tract infection in febrile infants and young children. Pediatrics 1999;103:843-52. (Evidence based recommendations). Click here to view reference
3. Melham RE, Harpen MD. Ethnic factors in the variability of primary vesico- ureteral reflux with age. Pediatr Radiol 1997;27:750-1. (Level III evidence)
4. Hoberman A, Charron M, Hickey RW, et al. Imaging studies after a first febrile urinary tract infection in young children. NEJM 2003;348:195-202. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
5. Auringer ST. Pediatric uroradiology update. Urol Clin North Am 1997;24:673-81. (Review article)
6. Gordon I, Barkovics M, Pindoria S, et al. Primary vesicoureteric reflux as a predictor of renal damage in children hospitalized with urinary tract infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003;14:739-44. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
7. Jequier S, Jequier JC. Reliability of voiding cystourethrography to detect reflux. AJR 1989;153:807-10. (Level IV evidence).
8. Paltiel HJ, Rupich RC, Kiruluta HG. Enhanced detection of vesicoureteral reflux in infants and children with use of cyclical voiding cystourethrography. Radiology 1992;184:753-5. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
9. International Reflux Study in Children: International system of radiographic grading of vesicoureteric reflux. Pediatr Radiol 1985;15:105-9. (Grading system)
10. Eggli DF, Tulchinsky M. Scintigraphic evaluation of pediatric urinary tract infection. Semin Nucl Med 1993;23:199-218. (Review article)
11. Groshar D, Moskovitz B, Gorenberg M, et al. Quantitative SPECT of technetium-99m-DMSA uptake in the kidneys of normal children and in kidneys with vesicoureteral reflux: Detection of unilateral kidney disease. J Nucl Med 1994;35:445-9. (Level III evidence)
12. Burke JR. Urinary tract infections: investigation in children. MedicineToday 2003;4:69-76. (Review article)
13. D'Errico G. The role of nuclear medicine in evaluation of vesicoureteral reflux and/or reflux nephropathy. Rays 2002;27:149-54. (Review article)
14. Coulthard, M.G., H.J. Lambert, and M.J. Keir. Occurrence of renal scars in children after their first referral for urinary tract infection. BMJ. 1997. 315(7113): p. 918-9. (Level II evidence)
15. National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health. Urinary tract infection in children: Diagnosis, treatment and long term management. Clinical guideline 2007. August 2007. (Guidelines)
16. Jantunen, M.E., et al. Predictive factors associated with significant urinary tract abnormalities in infants with pyelonephritis. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2001. 20(6): p. 597-601. (Level III evidence)
17. Whiting, P., et al. Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of tests for the diagnosis and investigation of urinary tract infection in children: a systematic review and economic model. Health Technol Assess, 2006. 10(36): p. iii-iv, xi-xiii, 1-154. (Level I-II evidence)

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