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Diagnostic Imaging Pathways - Transient Ischaemic Attacks
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References

  1. Culebras A, Kase CS, Masdeu JC, et al. Practice guidelines for the use of imaging in transient ischemic attacks and acute stroke: a report of the stroke council, American Heart Association. Stroke 1997;28:1480-97. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  2. Dennis M, Blamford J, Sandercock P, et al. Computed tomography in patients with transient ischaemic attacks: when is a transient ischaemic attack not a transient ischaemic attack but a stroke? J Neurol 1990;237:257-61. (Level II/III evidence)
  3. Evans GW, Howard G, Murros KE, et al. Cerebral infarction verified by cranial computed tomography and prognosis for survival following transient ischemic attacks. Stroke 1991;22:431-6 (Level III evidence)
  4. Williams RS. Chronic subdural hematoma simulating transient ischemic attacks. Ann Neurol 1979;5:597. (Level IV evidence)
  5. Ross RT. Transient tumor attacks. Ann Neurol 1983;40:633-6.
  6. Kent KC, Kuntz KM, Patel MR, et al. Perioperative imaging strategies for carotid endarterectomy: an analysis of morbidity and cost-effectiveness in symptomatic patients. JAMA 1995;274:888-93. (Level III evidence)
  7. Nederkoorn PJ, Mali WPTM, Eikelboom BC, et al. Preoperative diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis: accuracy of noninvasive testing. Stroke 2002;33:2003-8. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  8. Blakeley DD, Oddone EZ, Hasselblad V, et al. Noninvasive carotid artery testing: a meta-analytic review. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:360-7. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  9. Remonda L, Senn P, Barth A, et al. Contrast-enhanced 3D MR angiography of the carotid artery: comparison with conventional digital subtraction angiography. AJNR 2002;23:213-9. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  10. Westwood ME, Kelly S, Berry E, et al. Use of magnetic resonance angiography to select candidates with recently symptomatic carotid stenosis for surgery: systematic review. BMJ 2002;324:1-5. (Level III evidence)
  11. Huston III J, Fain SB, Wald JT, et al. Carotid artery: elliptic centric contrast-enhanced MR angiography compared with conventional angiography. Radiology 2001;218:138-43. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  12. Radoux B, Marro B, Koskas F, et al. Carotid artery stenosis: prospective comparison of CT, three-dimensional gadolinium-enhanced MR, and conventional angiography. Radiology 2001;220:179-85. (Level III evidence)
  13. Leclerc X, Godefroy O, Lucas C, et al. Internal carotid arterial stenosis: CT angiography with volume rendering. Radiology 1999;210:673-82. (Level III evidence)
  14. Anderson GB, Ashforth R, Steinke DE, et al. CT angiography for the detection and characterization of carotid artery bifurcation disease. Stroke 2000;31:2168-73. (Level II/III evidence)
  15. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. NEJM 1991;325:445-53. (Level I evidence). Click here to view reference
  16. European Carotid Surgery Trialists' Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of endarterectomy for recently symptomatic carotid stenosis: final results of the MRC European carotid surgery trial (ECST). Lancet 1998;351:1379-87. (Level I evidence). Click here to view reference
  17. Barnett HJM, Taylor DW, Eliasziw M, et al, for the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. NEJM 1998;339:1415-25. (Level I evidence). Click here to view reference
  18. Cina CS, Clase CM, Haynes RB. Carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Cochrane Database of systematic Review 2000;(3). CD 001081.
  19. Heiserman JE, Dean BL, Hodak JA, et al. Neurologic complications of cerebral angiography. AJNR 1994;15:1401-7. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  20. Kirsch EC, Khangure MS, van Schie GP, Lawrence-Brown MM, Stewart-Wynne EG, McAuliffe W. Carotid Arterial Stent Placement: Results and Follow-up in 53 patients. Radiology 2001;220:737-44. (Level IV evidence)
  21. Phatouros CC, Higashid RT, Malek AM, Meyers PM, Lempert TE, Down CF, Halbach VV. Carotid Artery Stent Placement for Athersclerotic Disease: Rationale, Technique, and Current Status. Radiology 2001;220:737-44. (Review article)
  22. Roubin GS, Yadav S, Iyer SS, Vitek J. Carotid Stent-Supported Angioplasty: A Neurovascular Intervention to Prevent Stroke. Am J Cardiol 1996;78(Suppl 3A):8-12. (Level IV evidence)
  23. Vitek JJ, Roubin GS, Al-Murabek N, New G, Iyer SS. Carotid Artery Stenting: Technical Considerations. Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21:1736-43. (Level IV evidence)
  24. Wholey MH, Jarmolowski CR, Eles G, Levy D, Buecthel J. Endovascular stents for carotid artery occlusive disease. J Endovasc Surg 1997;24:167-72. (Level IV evidence)
  25. Henry M, Amor M, Masson I, et al. Angioplasty and stenting of the extracranial carotid arteries. J Endovasc Surg 1998;5:293-304. (Level IV evidence)
  26. Yadav JS, Wholey MH, Kuntz RE, et al. Protected Carotid-Artery Stenting versus Endarterectomy in High-Risk Patients. NEJM 2004;351(15):1493-501. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  27. CAVATAS investigators Endovascular versus surgical treatment in patients with carotid stenosis in the Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study (CAVATAS): a randomised trial. Lancet 2001;357:1729-37. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  28. Johnston SC, Rothwell PM, Nguyen-Huynh MN et al. Validation and refinement of scores to predict very early stroke risk after transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 2007 Jan 27;369(9558);283-292.(Level I evidence). Click here to view reference
  29. National Stroke Foundation. Clinical guidelines for acute stroke management. Melbourne, NSF. 2007.  (Clinical Guidelines). Click here to view reference
  30. National Institute of Clinical Studies. Emergency department stroke and transient ischaemic attack care bundlle: information and implementation guide. Melbourne: National Health and Medical Research Council; 2009.  (Clinical Guidelines). Click here to view reference

Further Reading

  1. Barnett HJM, Meldrum HE, Eliasziw M, for the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) collaborators. The appropriate use of carotid endarterectomy. CMSJ 2002;166(9):1169-79.

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