Diagnostic Imaging Pathways - Suspected Stress Fracture

References

1. Anderson MW, Greenspan A. Stress fractures. Radiology 1996;199:1-12. (Review article)
2. Umans H, Pavlov H. Stress fractures of the lower extremities. Seminars in Roentgenology 1994;XXIX(2):176-193. (Review article)
3. Daffner RH, Pavalov H. Stress fractures: current concepts. AJR 1992;159:245-52. (Review article)
4. Courtenay BG, Bowers DM. Stress fractures: clinical features and investigation. MJA 1990;153:155-6. (Level IV evidence)
5. Shikare S, Samsi AB, Tilve GH. Bone imaging in sports medicine. J Postgraduate Medicine 1997;43(3):71-2. (Level III evidence)
6. Matin P. The appearance of bone scans following fractures, including immediate and long-term studies. J Nucl Med 1979;20(12):1227-31. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
7. Deutsch AL, Coel MN, Mink JH. Imaging of stress injuries to bone: radiography, scintigraphy, and MR imaging. Clinics in Sports Medicine 1997;16(2):275-90. (Review article)
8. Shin AY, Morin WD, Gorman J, et al. The superiority of magnetic resonance imaging in differentiating the cause of hip pain in endurance athletes. Am J Sports Med 1996;24(2):168-76. (Level II/III evidence). Click here to view reference
9. Rizzo PF, Gould ES, Lyden JP, et al. Diagnosis of occult fractures about the hip: magnetic resonance imaging compared with bone scanning. J Bone & J Surg 1993;75-A(3):395-401. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
10. Deutsch AL, Mink JH, Waxman AD. Occult fractures of proximal femur: MR imaging. Radiology 1989;170:113-6. (Level III evidence)
11. Fredericson M, Bergman AG, Hoffman KL, et al. Tibial stress reaction in runners: correlation of clinical symptoms and scintigraphy with a new magnetic resonance imaging grading system. Am J Sports Med 1995;23:472-81. (Level III evidence)
12. Yao L, Johnson C, Gentili A, et al. Stress injuries of bone: analysis of MR imaging staging criteria. Acad Radiol 1998;5:34-40. (Level III evidence)
13. Shearman CM, Brandser EA, Parman LM, et al. Longitudinal tibial fractures: a report of eight cases and review of literature. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1998;22(2):265-9. (Level IV evidence)

Further Reading

1. Greenspan A. Evaluating suspected stress fracture. Journal of Musculoskeletal Medicine 1999;16:144.

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