Diagnostic Imaging Pathways - Staging of Renal Cell Carcinoma

References

1. Zagoria RJ, Bechtold RE. The role of imaging in staging renal adenocarcinoma. Seminars in US, CT, and MRI 1997;18(2):91-9.
2. Benson MA, Haaga JR, Resnick MI. Staging renal carcinoma. What is sufficient? Arch Surg 1989;124(1):71-3. (Level II/III evidence)
3. Dinney CPN, Lannon SG, Awad SA, et al. Analysis of imaging modalities, staging systems, and prognostic indicators for renal cell carcinoma. Urology 1992;39(2):122-9. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
4. Johnson CD, Dunnick NR, Cohan RH, et al. Renal adenocarcinoma: CT staging of 100 tumours. AJR 1987;148(1):59-63. (Level III evidence)
5. Fein AB, Lee JKT, Balfe DM. Diagnosis and staging of renal carcinoma: a comparison of MR imaging and CT. AJR 1987;148(4):749-53. (Level II/III evidence)
6. Habboub HK, Abu-Yousef MM, Williams RD, et al. Accuracy of color Doppler sonography in assessing venous thrombus extension in renal cell carcinoma. AJR 1997;168:267-71. (Level III evidence)
7. Kallman DA, King BF, Hattery RR, et al. Renal vein and inferior vena cava tumour thrombus in renal cell carcinoma: CT, US, MRI, and venacavography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1992;16:240-7. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
8. Didier D, Racle A, Etievent JP, et al. Tumour thrombus of the inferior vena cava secondary to malignant abdominal neoplasms: US and CT evaluation. Radiology 1987;162:83-9. (Level III/IVevidence)
9. Schwerk WB, Schwerk WN, Rodeck G. Venous renal tumour extension: a prospective US evaluation. Radiology 1985;156:491-5. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
10. Hricak H, Thoeni RF, Carroll PR, et al. Detection and staging of renal neoplasms: a reassessment of MR imaging. Radiology 1988;166;643-9. (Level III evidence)
11. Goldfarb DA, Novick AC, Lorig R, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging for assessment of vena caval tumor thrombi: a comparative study with venacavography and computerized tomography scanning. J Urol 1990;144:1100-4. (Level III evidence)
12. Semelka RC, Shoenut JP, Magro CM, et al. Renal cancer staging: comparison of contrast enhanced CT and gadolinium enhanced fat-suppressed spin-echo and gradient echo MR imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 1993;3(4):597-602.
13. Horan JJ, Robertson VN, Choyke PL, et al. The detection of renal carcinoma extension into the renal vein and the inferior vena cava: a prospective comparison of venography and MRI. J Urol 1989;142(4):943-7. (Level II/III evidence)
14. Lim DJ, Carter MF. Computerized tomography in the preoperative staging of pulmonary metastases in patients with renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 1993;150(4):1112-4. (Level III evidence)
15. Campell RJ, Broaddus SB, Leadbetter GW Jr. Staging of renal carcinoma: cost effectiveness of routine pre-operative bone scans. Urology 1985;25(3):326-9. (Level III evidence)

Further Reading

1. Fritzsche PJ, Millar C. Multimodality approach to staging renal cell carcinoma. Urol Radiol 1992;14:3-7.

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