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Diagnostic Imaging Pathways - Pulmonary Embolism in Pregnancy
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References

  1. Worsley DF, Alavi A. Radionuclide imaging of acute pulmonary embolism. Radiol Clin Nth Amer 2001;39:1035-52. (Review article)
  2. Daftary A, Gregory M, Daftary A et al Chest Radiograph as a Triage Tool in the Imaging-Based Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism AJR 2005;185:132-134 (Level IV Evidence)
  3. Ten Cate-Hoek AJ, Prins MH. Management studies using a combination of D-dimer test result and clinical probability to rule out venous thromboembolism: a systematic review. J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3:2465-2470. (Level I evidence) Click here to view reference
  4. Kline JA, Williams GW, Hernandez-Nino J. D-Dimer concentration in normal pregnancy: new diagnostic thresholds needed. Clin Chem 2005; 51:825-829. (Level II evidence) Click here to view reference<
  5. Matthews S. Imaging pulmonary embolism in pregnancy: what is the most appropriate imaging protocol? Br J Radiol 2006; 79:441-444. (Review article) Click here to view reference
  6. Wells PS, Ginsberg JS, Anderson DR, et al. Use of a clinical model for safe management of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Ann Intern Med 1998;129:997-1005. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  7. Donkers-van Rossum AB. Diagnostic strategies for suspected pulmonary embolism. Eur Respir J 2001;18:589-97. (Review article)
  8. Scarsbrook AF, Evans AL, Owen AR, Gleeson FV. Diagnosis of suspected venous thromboembolic disease in pregnancy. Clin Radiol 2006; 61:1-12. (Review article) Click here to view reference
  9. Sharp C, Shrimptom JA, Bury RF. Diagnostic medical exposures: advice on exposure to ionising radiation during pregnancy. National Radiological Protection Board, College of Radiographers , Royal College of Radiologists. 1998.
  10. Winer-Muram HT, Boone JM, Brown HL, Jennings SG, Mabie WC, Lombardo GT. Pulmonary embolism in pregnant patients: fetal radiation dose with helical CT. Radiology 2002; 224:487-492. (Level II evidence) Click here to view reference
  11. Cook JV, Kyriou J. Radiation from CT and perfusion scanning in pregnancy. BMJ 2005; 331:350.
  12. Nijkeuter M. Geleijns J. De Roos A. Meinders AE. Huisman MV. Diagnosing pulmonary embolism in pregnancy: rationalizing fetal radiation exposure in radiological procedures. J Thromb Haemost 2004; 2:1857-8 (Level IV Evidence)
  13. Balan KK, Critchley M, Vedavathy KK, Smith ML, Vinjamuri S. The value of ventilation-perfusion imaging in pregnancy. Br J Radiol 1997; 70:338-340. (Level IV evidence)
  14. Hurwitz LM, Yoshizumi T, Reiman RE et al. Radiation dose to the fetus from body MDCT during early gestation. AJR 2006; 186:871-876. (Level II evidence) Click here to view reference
  15. Kuiper JW, Geleijns J, Matheijssen NAA, Teeuwisse W, Pattynama PMT. Radiation exposure of multi-row detector spiral computed tomography of the pulmonary arteries: comparison with digital subtraction pulmonary angiography. Eur Radiol 2003; 13:1496-1500. (Level II evidence) Click here to view reference
  16. Huda W. When a pregnant patient has a suspected pulmonary embolism, what are the typical embryo doses from a chest CT and a ventilation/perfusion study? Pediatric Radiol 2005; 35:452-453.
  17. Hopper KD, King SH, Lobell ME, TenHave TR, Weaver JS. The breast: in-plane x-ray protection during diagnostic thoracic CT – shielding with Bismuth radioprotective garments. Radiology 1997; 205:853-858. (Level II evidence) Click here to view reference
  18. Remy-Jardin M, Remy J. Spiral CT angiography of the pulmonary circulation. Radiology 1999; 212:615-636. (Review article)
  19. Land CE, Tokunaga M, Tokuoka S, Nakamura N. Early-onset breast cancer in A-bomb survivors. Lancet 1993; 342:237. (Level II evidence) Click here to view reference
  20. Parker MS, Hui FK, Camacho MA, Chung JK, Broga DW, Sethi NN. Female Breast Radiation Exposure During CT Pulmonary Angiography. AJR 2005;185:1228-1233. (Level IV evidence)
  21. Resten A, Mausoleo F, Valero M, Musset D. Comparison of doses for pulmonary embolism detection with helical CT and pulmonary angiography. Eur Radiol 2003; 13:1515-1521. (Level II evidence) Click here to view reference
  22. Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation, National Research Council. Health risks from exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation: BEIR VII Phase 2. 2006 [cited 2006 May 26] Avialable from: http://www.nap.edu./books/030909156X/html (Level II evidence)
  23. Webb JA, Thomsen HS, Morcos SK, Members of Contrast Media Safety Committee of European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR). The use of iodinated and gadolinium contrast media during pregnancy and lactation. Eur Radiol 2005; 15:1234-1240. (Review article) Click here to view reference
  24. The PIOPED Investigators. Value of the ventilation/perfusion scan in acute pulmonary embolism: results of the prospective investigation of pulmonary embolism diagnosis (PIOPED). JAMA 1990;263:2753-9. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  25. Miniati M, Pistolesi M, Marini C et al. Value of perfusion lung scan in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: results of the Prospective Investigative Study of Acute Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis (PISA-PED).Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996 Nov;154(5):1387-93. (Level II evidence) Click here to view reference
  26. Chan WS, Ray JG, Murray S, Coady GE, Coates G, Ginsberg JS. Suspected pulmonary embolism in pregnancy: clinical presentation, results of lung scanning, and subsequent maternal and pediatric outcomes. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162:1170-1175. (Level II evidence) Click here to view reference
  27. Hopper KD. Orbital, thyroid, and breast superficial radiation shielding for patients undergoing diagnostic CT. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2002; 23:423-427. (Level IV evidence)
  28. Colombo P, Pedroli G, Nicoloso M, Re S, Valvassori L, Vanzulli A. Evaluation of the efficacy of a bismuth shield during CT examinations. Radiol Med (Torino) 2004; 108:560-568. (Level II evidence)
  29. Fink C, Ley S, Schoenberg SO, Reiser MF, Kauczor HU. Magnetic resonance imaging of acute pulmonary embolism. European radiology 2007 Oct;17(10);2546-2553 (Review Article) Click here to view reference
  30. Webb JA, Thomsen HS, Morcos SK. The use of iodinated and gadolinium contrast media during pregnancy and lactation. European radiology 2005 Jun;15(6);1234-1240. (Review Article) Click here to view reference
  31. Blum A, Bellou A, Guillemin F, Douek P, Laprevote-Heully MC, Wahl D. Performance of magnetic resonance angiography in suspected acute pulmonary embolism. Thrombosis and haemostasis 2005 Mar;93(3);503-511. (Level II evidence) Click here to view reference
  32. Kluge A, Luboldt W, Bachmann G. Acute pulmonary embolism to the subsegmental level: diagnostic accuracy of three MRI techniques compared with 16-MDCT. Ajr 2006 Jul;187(1);W7-14. (Level II evidence) Click here to view reference
  33.  Meaney JF, Weg JG, Chenevert TL, Stafford-Johnson D, Hamilton BH, Prince MR. Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism with magnetic resonance angiography. The New England journal of medicine 1997 May 15;336(20);1422-1427. (Level II evidence) Click here to view reference
  34. Parker MS, Hui FK, Camacho MA, Chung JK, Broga DW, Sethi NN. Female Breast Radiation Exposure During CT Pulmonary Angiography. AJR 2005;185:1228-1233. (Level II evidence) Click here to view reference
  35. Remy-Jardin M, Pistolesi M, Goodman LR, Gefter WB, Gottschalk A, Mayo JR, et al. Management of Suspected Acute Pulmonary Embolism in the Era of CT Angiography: A Statement from the Fleischner Society. Radiology. 2007;245(2):315-29.(Review Article)
  36. Stein PD, Woodard PK, Weg JG, Wakefield TW, Tapson VF, Sostman HD, et al. Diagnostic pathways in acute pulmonary embolism: recommendations of the PIOPED II Investigators. Radiology. 2007 Jan;242(1):15-21. (Clinical Guidelines) Click here to view guidelines
  37. Hull RD, Raskob GE, Coates G, Panju AA. Clinical validity of a normal perfusion lung scan in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Chest 1990;97:23-26.(Level II evidence)
  38. Kipper MS, Moser KM, Kortman KE,Ashburn WL. Long term follow-up in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism and a normal lung scan.Chest 1982;82:411-415.(Level III evidence)
  39. Shahir K, Goodman LR, Tali A, Thorsen KM, Hellman RS. Pulmonary Embolism in Pregnancy: CT Pulmonary Angiography Versus Perfusion Scanning. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2010; 195: W214-220. (Level III evidence)

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