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Diagnostic Imaging Pathways - Pulmonary Embolism
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References

  1. Donkers-van Rossum AB. Diagnostic strategies for suspected pulmonary embolism. Eur Respir J 2001;18:589-97. (Review article)
  2. Van Beek EJR, Reekers JA, Batchelor D, et al. Feasibility, safety and clinical utility of angiography in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism and non-diagnostic lung scan findings. Eur Radiol 1996;6:415-9. (Level III evidence)
  3. Johnson MS, Stine SB, Shah H, et al. Possible pulmonary embolus: evaluation with digital subtraction versus cut-film angiography - prospective study in 80 patients. Radiology 1998;207:131-8. (Level III evidence)
  4. Hagspiel KD, Polak JF, Grassi CJ, et al. Pulmonary embolism: comparison of cut-film and digital pulmonary angiography. Radiology 1998;207:139-45. (Level III evidence)
  5. Hudson ER, Smith TP, McDermott VG, et al. Pulmonary angiography with iopamidol: complications in 1434 patients. Radiology 1996;198:61-5. (Level III evidence)
  6. Van Rooij WJ, den Heeten GJ, Sluzewski M. Pulmonary embolism: diagnosis in 211 patients with the use of selective pulmonary digital subtraction angiography with a flow-directed catheter. Radiology 1995;195:793-7. (Level III evidence)
  7. Stein PD, Athanasoulis C, Alavi A, et al. Complications and validity of pulmonary angiography in acute pulmonary embolus. Circulation 1992;85:462-8. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  8. Diffin D, Leyendecker JR, Johnson SP, Zucker RJ, Grebe PJ. Effect of anatomic distribution of pulmonary emboli on interobserver agreement in the interpretation of pulmonary angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998;171:1085-9. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  9. Stein PD, Henry JW, Gottschalk A. Reassessment of pulmonary angiography for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: relation of interpreter agreement to the order of the involved pulmonary arterial branch. Radiology 1999;210:689-91. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  10. McCollough CH, Zink FE. Performance evaluation of a multi-slice CT system. Med Phys 1999;26:2223-30. (Level II evidence).
  11. Schoepf UJ, Holzknecht N, Helmberger TK, et al. Subsegmental pulmonary emboli: improved detection with thin-collimation multi-detector row spiral CT. Radiology 2002;222:483-90. (Level IV evidence)
  12. Schoepf UJ, Costello P. CT angiography for diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: state of the art. Radiology 2004;230:329-37. (Review article)
  13. Patel S, Kazerooni EA, Cascade PN. Pulmonary embolism: optimization of small pulmonary artery visualization at multi-detector row CT. Radiology 2003;227:455-60. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  14. Remy-Jardin M, Tillie-Leblond I, Szapiro D, et al. CT angiography of pulmonary embolism in patients with underlying respiratory disease: impact of multislice CT on image quality and negative predictive value. Eur Radiol 2002;12:1971-8. (Level IV evidence)
  15. Coche E, Verschuren F, Keyeux A, et al. Diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism in outpatients: comparison of thin-collimation multi-collimation multi-detector spiral CT and planar ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy. Radiology 2003;229:757-65. (Level III evidence)
  16. Kim KI, Muller NL, Mayo JR. Clinically suspected pulmonary embolism: Utility of spiral CT. Radiology 1999;210:693-7. (Level III evidence)
  17. Garg K, Sieler H, Welsh CH, et al. Clinical validity of helical CT being interpreted as negative for pulmonary embolism: Implications for patient treatment. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1999;172:1627-31. (Level IV evidence)
  18. Worsley DF, Alavi A. Radionuclide imaging of acute pulmonary embolism. Radiol Clin Nth Amer 2001;39:1035-52. (Review article)
  19. Worsley DF, Alavi A, Palevsky HI. Chest radiographic findings in patients with acute pulmonary embolism: observations from the PIOPED study. Radiology 1993;189:133-6. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  20. Forbes KPN, Reid JH, Murchison JT. Do preliminary chest x-ray findings define the optimum role of pulmonary scintigraphy in suspected pulmonary embolism. Clinical Radiology 2001;56:397-400. (Level III evidence)
  21. The PIOPED Investigators. Value of the ventilation/perfusion scan in acute pulmonary embolism: results of the prospective investigation of pulmonary embolism diagnosis (PIOPED). JAMA 1990;263:2753-9. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  22. Wells PS, Ginsberg JS, Anderson DR, et al. Use of a clinical model for safe management of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Ann Intern Med 1998;129:997-1005. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  23. Wells PS, Anderson DR, Rodger M, et al. Derivation of a simple clinical model to categorize patients probability of pulmonary embolism: increasing the models utility with the SimpliRED D-dimer. Thromb Haemost 2000;83:416-20. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  24. Wells PS, Anderson DR, Rodger M, et al. Excluding pulmonary embolism at the bedside without diagnostic imaging: management of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism presenting to the emergency department by using a simple clinical model and D-dimer. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:98-107. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  25. Aviram G, Levy G, Fishman JE. Pitfalls in the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism on spiral computer tomography. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2004;33:74-84. (Level IV evidence)
  26. Ho WK, Hankey GJ, Lee CH, Eikelboom JW. Venous thromboembolism: diagnosis and management of pulmonary embolism. MJA 2005;182:569-74. (Review article)
  27. Freyburger G, Trillaud H, Labrouche S, et al. D-dimer strategy in thrombosis exclusion - a gold standard study in 100 patients suspected of deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism: 8 DD methods compared. Thromb Haemost 1998;79:32-7. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  28. Stein PD, Hull RD, Patel KC, et al. D-Dimer for the Exclusion of Acute Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism: A Systematic Review. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:589-602. (Level I evidence). Click here to view reference
  29. Roy P-M, Colombet I, Durieux P, Chatellier G, Sors H, Meyer G. Systematic review and meta-analysis of strategies for the diagnosis of suspected pulmonary embolism. BMJ 2005;331:259-67. (Level I evidence). Click here to view reference
  30. Patel S, Kazerooni EA. Helical CT for the Evaluation of Acute Pulmonary Embolism. AJR 2005;185:135-49. (Review article)
  31. European Commission. Referral guidelines for imaging. Luxembourg. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. 2001
  32. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). UNSCEAR 2000 Report to the General Assembly. Annex D: Medical Radiation Exposures. 2000 [cited 2005 August 24]. Available from URL: http://www.unscear.org/pdffiles/annexd.pdf
  33. Parker MS, Hui FK, Camacho MA, Chung JK, Broga DW, Sethi NN. Female Breast Radiation Exposure During CT Pulmonary Angiography. AJR 2005;185:1228-1233. (Level II evidence) Click here to view reference
  34. Cook JV, Kyriou J. Radiation from CT and perfusion scanning in pregnancy. BMJ 2005;331:350 (Letter)
  35. Hopper KD, King SH, Lobell ME, TenHave TR, Weaver JS. The breast: in-plane x-ray protection during diagnostic thoracic CT – shielding with Bismuth radioprotective garments. Radiology 1997; 205:853-858. (Level II evidence)
  36. Hopper KD. Orbital, thyroid, and breast superficial radiation shielding for patients undergoing diagnostic CT. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2002; 23:423-427. (Level IV evidence)
  37. Colombo P, Pedroli G, Nicoloso M, Re S, Valvassori L, Vanzulli A. Evaluation of the efficacy of a bismuth shield during CT examinations. Radiol Med (Torino) 2004; 108:560-568. (Level II evidence)
  38. Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation, National Research Council. Health risks from exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation: BEIR VII Phase 2. 2006 [cited 2006 May 26] Avialable from: http://www.nap.edu./books/030909156X/html (Level II evidence)
  39. Stein PD, Fowler SE, Goodman LR et al. Multidetector computed tomography for acute pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:2317-2327. (Level II evidence) Click here to view reference
  40. Righini M, Le Gal G, Aujesky D, Roy PM, Sanchez O, Verschuren F, et al. Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism by multidetector CT alone or combined with venous ultrasonography of the leg: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2008; 371(9621):1343-52. (Level I evidence) Click here to view reference
  41. Torbicki A, Perrier A, Konstantinides S, Agnelli G, Galie N, Pruszczyk P, Bengel F, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2008 Sep;29(18):2276-315. (Clinical Guidelines) Click here to view guidelines
  42. Stein PD, Woodard PK, Weg JG, Wakefield TW, Tapson VF, Sostman HD, et al. Diagnostic pathways in acute pulmonary embolism: recommendations of the PIOPED II Investigators. Radiology. 2007 Jan;242(1):15-21. (Clinical Guidelines) Click here to view guidelines
  43. van Belle A, Buller HR, Huisman MV, Huisman PM, Kaasjager K, Kamphuisen PW et al. Effectiveness of managing suspected pulmonary embolism using an algorithm combining clinical probability, D-dimer testing, and computed tomography. . JAMA 2006;295:172179.(Level II evidence)
  44. Sohne M, Kamphuisen PW, van Mierlo PJ, Buller HR. Diagnostic strategy using a modified clinical decision rule and D-dimer test to rule out pulmonary embolism in elderly in- and outpatients.. Thromb Haemost 2005;94:206210. (Level III evidence)
  45. Kearon C, Ginsberg JS, Douketis J, Turpie AG, Bates SM, Lee AY et al. An evaluation of D-dimer in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2006;144:812821 (Level II evidence)
  46. Le Gal G, Righini M, Roy PM, Sanchez O, Aujesky D, Bounameaux H et al. Prediction of pulmonary embolism in the emergency department: the revised Geneva score. Ann Intern Med 2006;144:165171. (Level II evidence) Click here to view reference
  47. Carrier M, Righini M, Djurabi RK, et al. VIDAS D-dimer in combination with clinical pre-test probability to rule out pulmonary embolism: a systematic review of management outcome studies. Thromb Haemost 2009;101:886-92. (Level I evidence) Click here to view reference
  48. Agnelli G and Becattini C. Acute Pulmonary Embolism. N Engl J Med 2010;363:266-74. (Review Article)
  49. Remy-Jardin M, Pistolesi M, Goodman LR, Gefter WB, Gottschalk A, Mayo JR, et al. Management of Suspected Acute Pulmonary Embolism in the Era of CT Angiography: A Statement from the Fleischner Society. Radiology. 2007;245(2):315-29.(Review Article)
  50. Hull RD, Raskob GE, Coates G, Panju AA. Clinical validity of a normal perfusion lung scan in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Chest 1990;97:23-26.(Level II evidence)
  51. Kipper MS, Moser KM, Kortman KE,Ashburn WL. Long term follow-up in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism and a normal lung scan.Chest 1982;82:411-415.(Level III evidence)

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