Diagnostic Imaging Pathways - Suspected Acute Osteomyelitis

References

1. Tehranzadeh J, Wong E, Wang F, et al. Imaging of osteomyelitis in the mature skeleton. Radiologic Clinics of North America 2001;39(2):223-50.
2. Elgazzar AH, Abdel-Dayem HM, Clark JD, et al. Multimodality imaging of osteomyelitis. Eur J Nucl Med 1995;22:1043-63.
3. Tumeh SS, Aliabadi P, Weissman BN, et al. Disease activity in osteomyelitis: role of radiography. Radiology 1987;165:781-4. (Level III evidence)
4. Schauwecker DS. The scintigraphic diagnosis of osteomyelitis. AJR 1992;158:9-18. (Review article)
5. Turpin S, Lambert R. Role of scintigraphy in musculoskeletal and spinal infections. Radiologic Clinics of North America 2001;39(2):169-89.
6. Tumeh SS, Aliabadi P, Seltzer SE, et al. Chronic osteomyelitis: the relative roles of scintigrams, plain radiographs, and transmission computed tomography. Clin Nucl Med 1988;13:710-15. (Level III evidence)
7. Magnuson JE, Brown ML, Hauser MF, et al. In-111 labeled leukocyte scintigraphy in suspected orthopaedic prosthesis infection: comparison with other imaging modalities. Radiology 1988;168:235-9. (Level III evidence)
8. Esterhai JL, Goll SR, McCarthy KE, et al. Indium-111 leukocyte scintigraphic detection of subclinical osteomyelitis complicating delayed and nonunion long bone fractures: a prospective study. J Orthop Res 1987;5:1-6.
9. Schauwecker DS, Park H-M, Mock BH et al. Evaluation of complicating osteomyelitis with Tc-99m MDP, In-111 granulocytes, and Ga-67 citrate. J Nucl Med 1984;25:849-53. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
10. Kolindou A, Liu Y, Ozker K, et al. In-111 WBC imaging of osteomyelitis in patients with underlying bone scan abnormalities. Clin Nucl Med 1996;21(3):183-91. (Level II/III evidence)
11. McCarthy K, Velchik MG, Alavi A, et al. Indium-111-labeled white blood cells in the detection of osteomyelitis complicated by a pre-existing condition. J Nucl Med 1988;29:1015-21. (Level II/III evidence)
12. Seabold JE, Nepola JV, Conrad GR, et al. Detection of osteomyelitis at fracture nonunion sites: comparison of two scintigraphic methods. AJR 1989;152:1021-7. (Level II/III evidence)
13. Larcos G, Brown ML, Sutton RT. Diagnosis of osteomyelitis of the foot in diabetic patients: value of 111-In-leukocyte scintigraphy. AJR 1991;157:527-31. (Level III evidence)
14. Johnson JE, Kennedy EJ, Shereff MJ, et al. Prospective study of bone, indium-111-labeled white blood cell and gallium-67 scanning for the evaluation of osteomyelitis in the diabetic foot. Foot Ankle Int 1996;17:10-6. (Level III evidence)
15. Schauwecker DS. Osteomyelitis: diagnosis with In-111-labeled leukocytes. Radiology 1989;171:141-6. (Level III evidence)
16. Whalen JL, Brown ML, McLeod R, et al. Limitations of indium leukocyte imaging for the diagnosis of spine infections. Spine 1991;16:193-7. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
17. Tang JSH, Gold RH, Bassett LW, et al. Musculoskeletal infection of the extremities: evaluation with MR imaging. Radiology 1988;166:205-9. (Level III evidence)
18. Morrison WB, Schweitzer ME, Bock GW, et al. Diagnosis of osteomyelitis: utility of fat-suppressed contrast-enhanced MR Imaging. Radiology 1993;189:251-7. (Level III evidence)
19. Rahmouni A, Chosidow O, Mathieu D, et al. MR imaging in acute infectious cellulitis. Radiology 1994;192:493-6. (Level III evidence)
20. Hopkins KL, Li KCP, Bergman G. Gadolinium-DTPA-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of musculoskeletal infectious processes. Skeletal Radiology 1995;24:325-30. (Level III evidence)
21. Pineda C, Vargas A, Rodriguez AV. Imaging of osteomyelitis: Current concepts.  Infect Dis North Am. 2006;20:789-825. (Review)

Further Reading

1. Sammak B, Bagi AE, Al Shahed M, et al. Osteomyelitis: a review of currently used imaging techniques. Eur Radiol 1999;9:894-900. (Pictorial Review)

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