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Diagnostic Imaging Pathways - Investigation of a Focal Liver Nodule
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References

  1. Leslie DF, Johnson CD, MacCarty RL, et al. Single-pass CT of hepatic tumors: value of globular enhancement in distinguishing hemangiomas from hypervascular matastases. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995;165:1403-6. (Level III evidence)
  2. Yamashita Y, Ogata I, Urata J, et al. Cavernous hemangioma of the liver: pathologic correlation with dynamic CT findings. Radiology 1997;203:121-6. (Level III evidence)
  3. Szklaruk J, Silverman PM, Charnsangavej C. Imaging in the diagnosis, staging, treatment, and surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003;180:441-54. (Review article)
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  5. Lim JH, Choi D, Kim SH, et al. Detection of hepatocellular carcinoma: value of adding delayed phase imaging to dual-phase helical CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002;179:67-73. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  6. Whitney WS, Herfkens RJ, Jeffrey RB, et al. Dynamic breath-hold multiplanar spoiled gradient-recalled MR imaging with gadolinium enhancement for differentiating hepatic haemangiomas from malignancies at 1.5T. Radiology 1993;189:863-70. (Level III evidence)
  7. Rode A, Bancel B, Douek P, et al. Small nodule detection in cirrhotic livers: evaluation with US, spiral CT, and MRI and correlation with pathologic examination of explanted liver. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2001;25:327-36. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  8. Libbrecht L, Bielen D, Verslype C, et al. Focal lesions in cirrhotic explant livers: pathological evaluation and accuracy of pretransplantation imaging examinations. Liver Transpl 2002;8:749-61. (Level III evidence)
  9. Federle MP, Filly RA, Moss AA. Cystic hepatic neoplasms: complementary roles of CT and sonography. AJR 1981;136:345-8. (Level III evidence)
  10. Harvey CJ, Albrecht T. Ultrasound of focal liver lesions. Eur Radiol 2001;11:1578-93. (Review article)
  11. Gambarin-Gelwan M, David CD, Shapiro R, Schwartz ME, Min AD. Sensitivity of commonly available screening tests in detecting hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients undergoing liver transplantation. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:1535-8. (Level III evidence)
  12. Klein D, Jenett M, Gassel HJ, et al. Quantitative dynamic contrast- enhanced sonography of hepatic tumors. Eur Radiol 2004;14:1082-91. (Level III evidence)
  13. Schillaci O, Danieli R, Manni C, Capoccetti F, Simonetti G. Technetium-99m-lebelled red blood cell imaging in the diagnosis of hepatic haemangiomas: the role of SPECT/CT with a hybrid camera. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004;34:1011-5. (Level III evidence)
  14. Jang HJ, Kim TK, Lim HK, et al. Hepatic hemangioma: atypical appearances on CT, MR imaging, and sonography. AJR 2003;180:135-41. (Review article)
  15. Royal HD, Brown ML, Drum DE, et al. Procedure guideline for hepatic and splenic imaging. Society of Nuclear Medicine. J Nucl Med 1998;39:1114-6. (Guideline)
  16. Ziessman HA, Silverman PM, Patterson J, et al. Improved detection of small cavernous hemangiomas of the liver with high-resolution three-headed SPECT. J Nucl Med 1991;32:2086-91. (Level III evidence)
  17. Birnbaum BA, Weinreb JC, Megibow AJ, et al. Definitive diagnosis of hepatic hemangiomas: MR imaging versus Tc-99m-labeled red blood cell SPECT. Radiology 1990;176:95-101. (Level III evidence)
  18. Taboury J, Porcel A, Tubiana JM, Monnier JP. Cavernous haemangiomas of the liver studied by US. Radiology 1983;149:781-5. (Level III evidence)
  19. Ebara M, Ohto M, Shinagawa T et al. Natural history of minute hepatocellular carcinoma smaller than three centimeters complicating cirrhosis. A study in 22 patients. Gastroenterology 1986;90:289-98. (Level III evidence)
  20. Debelke D, Martin WH, Sandler MP, Chapman WC, Wright K Jnr, Pinson CW. Evaluation of Benign vs Malignant Hepatic Lesions With Positron Emission Tomography. Arch Surg 1998;133:510-6. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  21. Kurtaran A, Becherer A, Pfeffel F, Muller C, Traub T, Schmaljohann J, et al. 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET features of focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) of the liver. Liver 2000;20:487-90. (Level IV evidence)
  22. Kantorova I, Lupska L, Belohlavek O, Visokai V, Trubac M, Schneiderova M. Routine 18F-FDG PET Preoperative Staging of Colorectal Cancer: Comparison with Conventional Staging and Its Impact on Treatment Decision Making. J Nucl Med 2003;44:1784-8. (Level III evidence)
  23. Kinkel K, Lu Y, Both M, Warren RS, Thoeni RF. Detection of Hepatic Metastases from Cancers of the Gastrointestinal Tract by Using Noninvasive Imaging Methods (US, CT, MR Imaging, PET): A Meta-Analysis. Radiology 2002;224:748-56. (Level III evidence)
  24. Bruix J. Clinical Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusions of the Barcelona-2000 EASL conference. J Hepatology 2001;35:421-30. (Practice Guidelines). Click here to view reference
  25. Nguyen MH, Keeffe EB. Screening for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Clin Gastroenterol 2002;35 (Suppl 2):S86-91. (Review article)
  26. Everson GT. Increasing Incidence and Pretransplantation Screening of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Liver Transplantation 2000;6:S2-10. (Review article)
  27. Ryder SD. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in adults . Gut 2003;52(S3):1-8. (Practice Guidelines). Click here to view reference
  28. Caturelli E, Solmi L, Anti M, et al. Ultrasound guided fine needle biopsy of early hepatocellular carcinoma complicating liver cirrhosis: a multicentre study. Gut 2004;53:1356-62. (Level II study). Click here to view reference
  29. Chang S, Kim SH, Lim HK, Lee WJ, Choi D, Lim JH. Needle Tract Implantation After Sonographically Guided Percutaneous Biopsy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Evaluation of Doubling Time, Frequency, and Features on CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005; 185:400-405. (Level III evidence)
  30. Llovet JM, Fuster J, Bruix J (Barcelona-Clinic Liver Cancer Group ). The Barcelona Approach: Diagnosis, Staging, and Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Liver Transpl 2004;10:S115-20. (Practice Guidelines). Click here to view reference

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