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Diagnostic Imaging Pathways - Surveillance for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
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References

  1. Bruix J, Sherman M, Practice Guidelines Committee, American Association for the Study of Liver Disease. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2005; 42:1208-1236. (Review Article) Click here to view reference
  2. Nguyen MH, Keeffe EB. Screening for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Clin Gastroenterol 2002;35 (Suppl 2):S86-91. (Review article)
  3. Everson GT. Increasing Incidence and Pretransplantation Screening of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Liver Transplantation 2000;6:S2-10. (Review article)
  4. Ryder SD. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in adults. Gut 2003;52(S3):1-8. (Practice Guidelines). Click here to view reference
  5. Sheu J-C, Sung J-L, Chen D-S, et al. Growth Rate of Asymptomatic Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Its Clinical Implications . Gastroenterology 1985;89:259-66.
  6. Tanaka S, Kitamura T, Nakanishi K, et al. Effectiveness of Periodic Checkup by Ultrasonography for the Early Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer 1990;66:2210-4. (Level III evidence)
  7. Zhang BH, Yang BH, Tang ZY. Randomized controlled trial of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2004; 130:417-422. (Level II evidence) Click here to view reference
  8. Wun YT , Dickinson JA. Alpha-fetoprotein and/or liver ultrasonography for liver cancer screening in patients with chronic hepatitis B. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD002799. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002799. This version first published online: 22 April 2003 in Issue 2, 2003.
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  11. Sherman M. Surveillance for Hepatocellular Carcinoma . Seminars in Oncology 2001;28:450-9. (Review article)
  12. Dodd GD 3 rd , Miller WJ, Baron RL, Skolnick ML, Campbell WL. Detection of Malignant Tumors in End-Stage Cirrhotic Livers: Efficacy of Sonography as a Screening Technique . AJR 1992;159:727-33. (Level III evidence)
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  15. Choi BI. The Current Status of Imaging Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma . Liver Transplantation 2004;10(Supp 1):S20-5. (Review article)
  16. Hollett MD, Jeffrey Jnr RB, Nino-Murcia M, Jorgensen MJ, Harris DP. Dual-Phase Helical CT of the Liver: Value of Arterial Phase Scans in the Detection of Small (< 1.5cm) Malignant Hepatic Neoplasms . AJR 1995;164:879-84. (Level III evidence)
  17. Murakami T, Mochizuki K, Nakamura H. Imaging Evaluation of the Cirrhotic Liver. Seminars in Liver Disease 2001;21:213-224. (Review article)
  18. Burrell M, Llovet JM, Ayuso C. MRI Angiography is Superior to Helical CT for Detection of HCC Prior to Liver Transplantation: An Explant Correlation. Hepatology 2003;38:1034-42. (Level III evidence)
  19. Miller WJ, Baron RL, Dodd 3 rd GD, Federle MP. Malignancies in Patients with Cirrhosis: CT Sensitivity and Specificity in 200 Consecutive Transplant Patients. Radiology 1994;193:645-50. (Level III evidence)
  20. Rode A, Bancel B, Douek P, et al. Small nodule detection in cirrhotic livers: evaluation with US, spiral CT, and MRI and correlation with pathologic examination of explanted liver. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2001;25:327-36. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  21. Whitney WS, Herfkens RJ, Jeffrey RB, et al. Dynamic breath-hold multiplanar spoiled gradient-recalled MR imaging with gadolinium enhancement for differentiating hepatic haemangiomas from malignancies at 1.5T. Radiology 1993;189:863-70. (Level III evidence)
  22. Hirai K, Aoki Y, Majima Y, et al. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Small Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterology 1991;86:205-9. (Level III/IV evidence)
  23. Cillo U, Bassanello M, Vitale A. The critical issue of hepatocellular carcinoma prognostic classification: which is the best tool available? J Hepatol 2004;40:124-31. (Level III evidence)
  24. Llovet JM, Fuster J, Bruix J. Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Hepato-Gastroenterology 2002;49:7-11. (Level III evidence)
  25. Debelke D, Martin WH, Sandler MP, Chapman WC, Wright K Jnr, Pinson CW. Evaluation of Benign vs Malignant Hepatic Lesions With Positron Emission Tomography. Arch Surg 1998;133:510-6. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  26. Kurtaran A, Becherer A, Pfeffel F, Muller C, Traub T, Schmaljohann J, et al. 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET features of focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) of the liver. Liver 2000;20:487-90. (Level IV evidence)
  27. Caturelli E, Solmi L, Anti M, et al. Ultrasound guided fine needle biopsy of early hepatocellular carcinoma complicating liver cirrhosis: a multicentre study. Gut 2004;53:1356-62. (Level II study). Click here to view reference
  28. Chang S, Kim SH, Lim HK, Lee WJ, Choi D, Lim JH. Needle Tract Implantation After Sonographically Guided Percutaneous Biopsy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Evaluation of Doubling Time, Frequency, and Features on CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005; 185:400-405. (Level III evidence)
  29. Ruelas-Villavicencio AL, Vargas-Vorackova F. In whom, how and how often is surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma cost-effective? Ann Hepatol 2004; 3:152-159. (Level II evidence) Click here to view reference
  30. Trevisani F, D'Intino PE, Morselli-Labate AM et al. Serum α-fetoprotein for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver disease: influence of HBsAg and anti-HCV status. J Hepatol 2001; 34:570-575. (Level II evidence)
  31. Sherman M. Alphafetoprotein: an obituary. J Hepatol 2001; 34:603-605. (Review article) Click here to view reference
  32. Quaia E, Calliada F, Bertolotto M et al. Characterization of focal liver lesions with contrast-specific US modes and a sulfur hexafluoride-filled microbubble contrast agent: diagnostic performance and confidence. Radiology 2004; 232:420-430. (Level III evidence)
  33. Nicolau C, Catala V, Vilana R et al. Evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma using SonoVue, a second generation ultrasound contrast agent: correlation with cellular differentiation. Eur Radiol 2004; 14:1092-1099. (Level III evidence)
  34. Gaiani S, Celli N, Piscaglia F et al. Usefulness of contrast-enhanced perfusional sonography in the assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma hypervascular at spiral computed tomography. J Hepatol 2004; 41:421-426. (Level IV evidence)
  35. Bruix J, Sherman M, Llovet J et al. Clinical Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Conclusions of the Barcelona-2000 EASL Conference J Hepatol 2001; 35:421-430. (Review Article)
  36. Bruix J, Sherman M. AASLD Practice Guidelines.Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Update. www.aasld.org; July 2010(Practice Guidelines).
  37. Lok AS, Sterling RK, Everhart JE, Wright EC, Hoefs JC, Di Bisceglie AM, Morgan TR, et al. Des-gamma-Carboxy Prothrombin and alpha- Fetoprotein as Biomarkers for the Early Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2010;138:493-502.(Level II evidence)
  38. Forner A, Reig M, Bruix J. Alpha-fetoprotein for hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis: the demise of a brilliant star. Gastroenterology 2009; 137:26-29 (Review Article)

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