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Diagnostic Imaging Pathways - Diabetic Foot Ulcer
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References

  1. Butalia S, Palda VA, Sargeant RJ, Detsky AS, Mourad O. Does this patient with diabetes have osteomyelitis of the lower extremity? JAMA. 2008; 299(7):806-13. (Review article)
  2. Newman LG, Waller J, Palestro CJ, Schwartz M, Klein MJ, Hermann G, et al. Unsuspected osteomyelitis in diabetic foot ulcers. Diagnosis and monitoring by leukocyte scanning with indium in 111 oxyquinoline. JAMA. 1991; 266(9):1246-51. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  3. Gold RH, Tong DJ, Crim JR, Seeger LL. Imaging the diabetic foot. Skeletal Radiol. 1995; 24(8):563-71. (Review article)
  4. Wraight PR, Lawrence SM, Campbell DA, Colman PG. Creation of a multidisciplinary, evidence based, clinical guideline for the assessment, investigation and management of acute diabetes related foot complications. Diabet Med. 2005; 22(2):127-36. (Review article)
  5. Ertugrul MB, Baktiroglu S, Salman S, Unal S, Aksoy M, Berberoglu K, et al. The diagnosis of osteomyelitis of the foot in diabetes: microbiological examination vs. magnetic resonance imaging and labelled leucocyte scanning. Diabet Med. 2006; 23(6):649-53. (Level III evidence)
  6. Matthews PC, Berendt AR, Lipsky BA. Clinical management of diabetic foot infection: diagnostics, therapeutics and the future. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2007; 5(1):117-27. (Review article)
  7. Frykberg RG, Zgonis T, Armstrong DG, Driver VR, Giurini JM, Kravitz SR, et al. Diabetic foot disorders. A clinical practice guideline (2006 revision). J Foot Ankle Surg. 2006; 45(5 Suppl):S1-66. (Review article)
  8. Margolis DJ, Allen-Taylor l, Hoffstad O, Berlin JA. Diabetic neuropathic foot ulcers and amputation. Wound Repair Regen. 2005; 13:230-236. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  9. Shank CF, Feibel JB. Osteomyelitis in the diabetic foot: diagnosis and management. Foot Ankle Clin N Am. 2006; 11:775-789. (Review article)
  10. Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Deery HG, Embil JM, Joseph WS, Karchmer AW, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2004; 39(7):885-910. (Review article)
  11. Grayson ML, Gibbons GW, Balogh K, Levin E, Karchmer AW. Probing to bone in infected pedal ulcers. A clinical sign of underlying osteomyelitis in diabetic patients. JAMA. 1995; 273(9):721-3. (Level III evidence)
  12. Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Peters EJ, Lipsky BA. Probe-to-bone test for diagnosing diabetic foot osteomyelitis: reliable or relic? Diabetes Care. 2007; 30(2):270-4. (Level IV evidence)
  13. Shone A, Burnside J, Chipchase S, Game F, Jeffcoate W. Probing the validity of the probe-to-bone test in the diagnosis of osteomyelitis of the foot in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006; 29(4):945. (Level III evidence)
  14. Kaleta JL, Fleischli JW, Reilly CH. The diagnosis of osteomyelitis in diabetes using erythrocyte sedimentation rate: a pilot study. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2001; 91(9):445-50. (Level IV evidence)
  15. Rajbhandari SM, Sutton M, Davies C, Tesfaye S, Ward JD. ‘Sausage toe’: a reliable sign of underlying osteomyelitis. Diabet Med. 2000; 17:74-77. (Level III evidence)
  16. Armstrong DG, Lavery LA, Sariaya M, Ashry H. Leukocytosis is a poor indicator of acute osteomyelitis of the foot in diabetes mellitus. J Foot Ankle Surg. 1996; 35(4):280-3. (Level IV evidence)
  17. Oyen WJ, Netten PM, Lemmens JA, Claessens RA, Lutterman JA, van der Vliet JA, et al. Evaluation of infectious diabetic foot complications with indium-111-labeled human nonspecific immunoglobulin G. J Nucl Med. 1992; 33(7):1330-6. (Level IV evidence)
  18. Kapoor A, Page S, Lavalley M, Gale DR, Felson DT. Magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosing foot osteomyelitis: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167(2):125-32. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  19. Karchmer AW, Gibbons GW. Foot infections in diabetes: evaluation and management. Curr Clin Top Infect Dis. 1994; 14:1-22. (Review article)
  20. Tehranzadeh J, Wong E, Wang F, et al. Imaging of osteomyelitis in the mature skeleton. Radiologic Clinics of North America. 2001; 39(2):223-250. (Review article)
  21. Capriotti G, Chianelli M, Signore A. Nuclear medicine imaging of diabetic foot infection: results of meta-analysis. Nucl Med Commun. 2006; 27(10):757-64. (Level III evidence)
  22. Senneville E, Melliez H, Beltrand E, Legout L, Valette M, Cazaubiel M, et al. Culture of percutaneous bone biopsy specimens for diagnosis of diabetic foot osteomyelitis: concordance with ulcer swab cultures. Clin Infect Dis. 2006; 42(1):57-62. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  23. White L, Schweitzer M, Deely D, Gannon F. Study of osteomyelitis: utility of combined histologic and microbiologic evaluation of percutaneous bone biopsy samples. Radiology. 1995; 197:840-842. (Level III evidence)

Further Reading

  1. Frykberg RG, Zgonis T, Armstrong DG, Driver VR, Giurini JM, Kravitz SR, et al. Diabetic foot disorders. A clinical practice guideline (2006 revision). J Foot Ankle Surg. 2006; 45(5 Suppl):S1-66. (Review article)

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