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Diagnostic Imaging Pathways - Cervical Spine Injury
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References

  1. Stiell IG, Wells GA, Vandemheen KL et al. The Canadian C-spine rule for radiography in alert and stable trauma patients. JAMA 2001;286:1841-8. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  2. Stiell IG, Clement CM, McKnight RD et al. The Canadian c-spine rule versus the NEXUS low-risk criteria in patients with trauma. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:2510-2518. (Level I evidence) Click here to view reference
  3. Daffner RH, Dalinka MK, Dr Smet AA et al. American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria: suspected cervical spine trauma. 2005 [cited 2006 October 7]. Available from www.acr.org (Consensus Statement) Click here to view reference
  4. Blackmore CC, Emerson SS, Mann FA, Koepsell TD. Cervical spine imaging in patients with trauma: determination of fracture risk to optimize use. Radiology 1999;211:759-65. (Level III evidence)
  5. Hanson JA, Blackmore CC, Mann FA, et al. Cervical spine injury: A clinical decision rule to identify high-risk patients for helical CT screening. AJR 2000;174:713-7. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  6. Blackmore CC. Evidence-based imaging evaluation of the cervical spine in trauma. Neuroimag Clin N Am 2003;13:283-91. (Evidence-based guideline) Click here to view reference
  7. Goergen SK, Fong C, Dalziel K, Fennessy G. Development of an evidence-based guideline for imaging in cervical spine trauma. Australas Radiology 2003;47:240-6. (Evidence-based guideline). Click here to view reference
  8. Holmes JF, Akkinepalli R. Computed tomography versus plain radiography to screen for cervical spine injury: a meta-analysis. J Trauma 2005; 58:902-905.(Level III evidence) Click here to view reference.
  9. Grogan El, Morris JA, Dittus RS et al. Cervical spine evaluation in urban trauma centers: lowering instiutional costs and complications through helical CT scan. J Am Coll Surg 2005; 200:160-165. (Level III evidence)
  10. Freemyer B, Knopp R, Piche J et al. Comparison of five-view and three- view cervical spine series in the evaluation of patients with cervical trauma. Ann Emerg Med 1989;18:818-21. (Level III evidence)
  11. Woodring JH, Lee C. Limitations of cervical radiography in the evaluation of acute cervical trauma. J Trauma 1993;34:32-9. (Level III evidence)
  12. Borock EC, Gabram SGA, Jacobs LM, et al. A prospective analysis of a two-year experience using computed tomography as an adjunct for cervical spine clearance. J Trauma 1991;31:1001-6. (Level III evidence)
  13. Davis JW, Phreaner DL, Hoyt DB, et al. The etiology of missed cervical spine injuries. J Trauma 1993;34:342-6. (Level IV evidence)
  14. Hanson JA, Blackmore CC, Mann FA, et al. Cervical spine injury: accuracy of helical CT used as a screening technique. Emergency Radiology 2000;7:31-5. (Level II evidence).
  15. Holmes JF, Mirvis SE, Panacek EA et al. Variability in computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in patients with cervical pine injuries. J Trauma 2002;53:524-30. (Level III evidence)
  16. Cornelius RS. Imaging of acute cervical spine trauma. Seminars Ultrasound, CT, and MRI 2001;22(2):108-24. (Review article)
  17. Rybicki F, Nawfel R, Judy PF et al. Skin and thyroid dosimetry in cervical spine screening: two methods for evaluation and a comparison between a helical CT and radiographic trauma series. AJR 2002; 179:933-937. ( Level II evidence) Click here to view reference.
  18. Blackmore CC, Mann FA, Wilson AJ. Helical CT in the primary trauma evaluation of the cervical spine: an evidence-based approach. Skeletal Radiol 2000; 11:632-630. (Level IV evidence)
  19. Orrison WW Jr, Benzal EC, Willis BK et al. Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of acute spine trauma. Emerg Radiol 1995;2:120-8. (Level IV evidence)
  20. Katzberg RW, Benedetti PF, Drake CM et al. Acute cervical spine injuries: prospective MR imaging assessment at a level 1 trauma center. Radiology 1999;213:203-12. (Level III evidence)
  21. Benzel EC, Hart BL, Ball PA, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging for the evaluation of patients with occult cervical spine injury. J Neurosurg 1996;85:824-9. (Level III evidence)
  22. Bub LD, Blackmore CC, Mann FA, Lomoschitz FM. Cervical Spine Fractures in Patients 65 Years and Older: A Clinical Prediction Rule for Blunt Trauma. Radiology 2005;234:143-9 (Level III evidence)
  23. McCullough PT, France J, Jones DL et al. Helical computed tomography alone compared with plain radiographs with adjunct computed tomography to evaluate the cervical spine after high-energy trauma. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005; 87:2388-2394. (Level II evidence) Click here to view reference.
  24. Hoffman JR, Mower WR, Wolfson AB, et al. Validity of a set of clinical criteria to rule out injury to the cervical spine in patients with blunt trauma. NEJM 2000;343:94-9. (Level I evidence). Click here to view reference

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