Skip To Content
 

Search:

  

Diagnostic Imaging Pathways - Low Back Pain
PathwaysHome
Flow Chart
Image gallery
Teaching Points
References
PDF Version
Consumer Information

References

  1. Magora A, Schwartz A. Relation between low back pain and x-ray changes, 4: lysis and olisthesis. Scand J Rehabil Med 1980;12;47-52. (Level IV evidence)
  2. Saraste H, Nilsson B, Brostrom LA, Aparisi T. Relationship between radiological and clinical variables in spondylolysis. Int Orthop 1984;8:163-74. (Level IV evidence)
  3. Biering-Sorensen F, Hansen FR, Schroll M, Runeborg O. The relation of spinal x-ray to low-back pain and physical activity among 60-year-old men and women. Spine 1985;10:445-51. (Level IV evidence)
  4. Jarvik JG, Deyo RA. Diagnostic evaluation of low back pain with emphasis on imaging. Ann Intern Med 2002;137:586-97. (Review article)
  5. Hall FM. Overutilization of radiological examinations. Radiology 1976;120:443-8. (Review article)
  6. Webster E, Merrill O. Radiation hazards. II. Measurements of gonadal dose in radiologic examinations. N Engl J Med 1957;257:811-9. (Level II evidence)
  7. Antoku S, Russell W. Dose to the active bone marrow, gonads, and skin from roentgenography and fluoroscopy. Radiology 1957;101:669-78. (Level II evidence)
  8. Thornbury JR, Fryback DG, Turski PA, et al. Disk-caused nerve compression in patients with acute low-back pain: diagnosis with MR, CT myelography, and plain CT. Radiology 1993;186:731-8. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  9. Schwarzer AC, Wang SC, O’Driscoll D, et al. The ability of computed tomography to identify a painful zygapophysial joint in patients with chronic low back pain. Spine 1995;20:907-12. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  10. Algra PR, Bloem JL, Tissing H, et al. Detection of vertebral metastases: comparison between MR imaging and bone scintigraphy. Radiographics 1991;11:219-32. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  11. Avrahami E, Tadmor R, Dally O, Hadar H. Early MR demonstration of spinal metastases in patients with normal radiographs and CT and radionuclide bone scans. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1989;13:598-602. (Level IV evidence)
  12. Modic MT, Feiglin DH, Piraino DW et al. Vertebral osteomyelitis: assessment using MR. Radiology 1985;157:157-66. (Level III evidence)
  13. Aprill C, Bogduk N. High-intensity zone: a diagnostic sign of painful lumbar disc on magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Radiol 1992;65:361-9. (Level III evidence)
  14. Lam KS, Carlin D, Mulholland RC. Lumbar disc high-intensity zone: the value and significance of provocative discography in the determination of the discogenic pain source. Eur Spine J 2000;9:36-41. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  15. Carragee EJ, Paragioudakis SJ, Khurana S. 2000 Volvo Award winner in clinical studies: lumbar high-intensity zone and discography in subjects without low back problems. Spine 2000;25:2987-92. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  16. Sandhu HS, Sanchez-Caso LP, Parvataneni HK, et al. Association between findings of provocative discography and vertebral endplate signal changes as seen on MRI. J Spinal Disord 2000;13:438-43. (Level III evidence)
  17. Rankine JJ, Gill KP, Hutchinson CE, et al. The clinical significance of the high-intensity zone on lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging. Spine 1999;24:1913-9. (Level III evidence)
  18. Swanson D, Blecker I, Gebhauer H, Caride VJ. Diagnosis of discitis by SPECT technetium-99m MDP scintogram. A case report. Clin Nucl Med 1987;12:210-1. (Case Report)
  19. van den Bosch MAAJ, Hollingworth W, Kinmonth AL, Dixon AK. Evidence against the use of lumbar spine radiography for low back pain. Clin Radiol 2004;59:69-76. (Level IV evidence)
  20. Masaryk T, Drayer BP, Anderson RE, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria for acute low back pain – radiculopathy 2005. Available online at www.acr.org (accessed August 2004). Click here to view reference
  21. Royal College of Radiologists, Making the best use of a department of clinical radiology. Guidelines for doctors, 4th Ed. London: The Royal College of Radiologists; 1998.
  22. Yussen PS, Swartz JD. The acute lumbar disc herniation: Imaging Diagnosis. Semin US, CT, MRI 1993;14(6):389-98. (Review article)
  23. Albeck MJ, Hilden J, Kjaer L, et al. A Controlled Comparison of Myelography, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Clinically Suspected Lumbar Disc Herniation. Spine 1995;4:443-8. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  24. Crim JR, Tripp D. Multidetector CT of the Spine. Seminars in Ultrasound, CT, and MRI 2004;25(1):55-66 (Review article)
  25. Jackson RP, Cain JE, Jacobs RR, Cooper BR, McManus GE. The Neuroradiographic Diagnosis of Lumbar Herniated Nucleus Pulposus II: A Comparison of Computed Tomography (CT), Myelography, CT-Myelography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Spine 1989;14:1362-7. (Level II evidence). Click here to view reference
  26. Van Tulder M et al European Guidelines for the Management of Acute Nonspecific Low Back Pain in Primary Care. Eur Spine J. 2006 Mar;15 Suppl 2:S169-91.(Practice Guidelines)
  27. National Health and Medical Research Council.Evidence-Based Management of Acute Musculoskeletal Pain: A Guide for Clinicians.Canberrs, Australia. 2004 (Practice Guidelines)
  28. Koes BW et al.An Updated Overview of Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Non-specific Low Back Pain in Primary Care. Eur Spine J.Published online 03 July 2010.(Review article)

File Formats

Some documents for download on this website are in a Portable Document Format (PDF). To read these files you might need to download Adobe® Acrobat Reader.

Get Adobe Reader

Legal Matters